1
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M. Shuaib
Mohamed Haneef, PhD
Assistant Professor, Department of Electronic Media and Mass Communication, Pondicherry University, Puducherry – 605014. email: shuji22@gmail.com |
Preference for games by Boys and Girls:
Discursive construction of gender by students in exam papers
Discursive construction of gender by students in exam papers
Games, and therefore gaming as cultural
practices, are inflected by gender. Content, design, architecture of the game
are characterised by gendered practices. The actualisation of games that come
to existence in the hands of players carries heavy traces of gender
construction. Both diegetic and non- diegetic spaces of most of the video,
online and mobile games are textual universes fraught with gendered
perspectives. Stereotyped bodies and their respective affective capacities,
constructed socially and discursively, come to underlie the phenomena of
gaming. The actualization of mythical discourses such as boys being aggressive
and prefer to play action-oriented and fantasy-filled games while girls are
meek and enthusiasts of emotion-filled games continues to dominate the gaming
lexically and indexically. This paper seeks to understand the discursive
construction of gender by students of Pondicherry University in their response
to a question in their final examination seeking their opinions on whether boys
prefer fantasy games as opposed to girls who prefer to play emotionally-rich
games. The paper draws on performative identity of Judith Butler to examine
representation, rather the making or the becoming of gender.
Keywords:
games, diegetic space, non-diegetic space, performative identity
2
|
Dr. Vinaya Bhaskaran,
Assistant Professor, Department of English, NSS
College, Manjeri
E-mail: vini8686@gmail.com
Phone no.: 9496354560
|
Digital authorship in the age of hypertext
The concept of the
author is revived by the new media. The new media text or precisely the
‘hypertext’ challenges the notion of linear narration and reading, the
boundedness or independence of each text, and thus to the traditional notions
of authorial and critical authority. The
paper attempts at establishing that with the birth of the World Wide Web the
function of the author does not disappear as expressed by Roland Barthes in his
“Death of the Author” but is spread over different persons, which can even lead
to a dissociated/ distributed authorship.
3
|
Mr
Samarjit Kachari,
Asst.
Professor,
Dept.
of Electronic Media & Mass Communication,
Pondicherry
University
Phone:
+91 9788768354
Email:
samarkachari@gmail.com
|
Portrayal of
Assam-Nagaland border dispute by Assamese news channels
Assam and Nagaland has
a long standing border dispute and on occasions this dispute turns into violent
conflicts involving people living on both sides of the border and resulting in
loss of human life. The last major skirmish which took place on the Assam-Nagaland
border was in August 2014 which resulted in the loss of eleven lives. Stray
incidents of violence continue to happen every now and then in the inter-state
border areas. Such incidents are covered prominently by the Assamese media
including Guwahati based Assamese news channels. But this coverage of the
incidents surrounding the dispute is often lopsided with news channels taking
emotional stand in favour of their state rather than being objective. This
paper looks into the portrayal of the border dispute and that of the Naga
tribes in the context of the border dispute by the Assamese news channels. For
the purpose of the study Said’s Orientalism and Van Dzik’s discourse analysis
of media content is employed to get meaning out of the flash news shown on
three prominent Assamese TV news channels during the August 2014 conflict.
Key words:
Assamese, Naga, violence, news channels, dispute, border.
4
|
Dr.
Sukanya Saha
VSWC,
Chennai
Tamilnadu
|
Newspaper headlines: A practical approach in
learning current trends in English
English language learning has witnessed
many changes in approaches over past few years. The communication based
approach has been in practice for quite some time now. With the development in
technology and urbanization, learners from major cities exhibit a remarkable
command over language and also excel in their careers and other walks of life.
These students also look for learning English for opportunities further and
also learn new developments which English is undergoing. Learners from rural or
economically weaker sections of the society however have to cover a long
distance when it comes to pursuing higher studies, research or grabbing a good
job opportunity. English can play a major role in strengthening their
confidence and upping their self-esteem.
There is a need to explore new approaches which would help them master
this language at their own pace and also would not be an economic burden.
Advantages of learning English through newspapers are manifold. Headlines of
the newspapers bring in many previously unthought-of structural and lexical
usages. Reading newspapers on daily basis and using them in learning new
grammatical structures and vocabulary can prove to be very interesting.
The present paper highlights few
noticeable structural changes which newspaper headlines make to deliver news to
catch immediate attention. The original structures have been identified and an
attempt to draw a parallel between the actual and newspaper adaptation has been
made. Learning English through such comparisons will certainly enhance their
language skills.
Key Words : Newspaper headlines, grammatical structures, English
language teaching (ELT), English as a second language (ESL)
5
|
C.P.
Shafeeq
Lecturer
in English
Najran
University
Saudi
Arabia
cp.shafeeq@rediffmail.com
|
Digital Media in
Education: Potentials and Challenges
We live in a world where technology has
dramatically grown in popularity and availability in our lives. Today's
students are digital natives, who are all ‘native speakers’ of the
digital language of computers, mobile applications and the Internet. Most
students get opportunities to learn differently today than the previous
generation had. It is also the view that traditional education systems can no
longer equip one with the knowledge and skills required for a continued
progress of the globe. Research has shown that the appropriate use of
Information and Communication Technologies (ICTs) can catalyze the paradigmatic
shift in both content and pedagogy that is at the heart of education reform in
the 21st century. One of the most commonly cited reasons for using ICTs in the
classroom has been to better prepare the current generation of students for a
workplace where they have to use technology, with its latest developments.
Technological literacy, or the ability to use different kinds of media
effectively and efficiently, has become an essential requirement at any
workplace of our time.These realities necessitate the introduction of new
literacies to education of a developing country, to minimize the growing
digital divide between technological "haves" and
"have-nots". However, introduction of digital media in the
educational context of a developing country is not free from challenges. In
order to benefit positively from digital media, the stakeholders of education
need to possess right perceptions of the rationales behind the use and nonuse
of various kinds of digital media in education.
Key words:-
ICTs, Digital media, Digital divide, 21st
century education
6
|
Ms.Seena J*, Doctoral Research Scholar,
Department of Electronic Media & Mass Communication, Pondicherry
University, Pondicherry. (seena.johnson1@gmail.com, Ph: 09042809924)
Dr. D Nivedhitha**, Associate Professor,
Department of Electronic Media & Mass Communication, Pondicherry
University, Pondicherry. (nivedhithadas@gmail.com)
Mr. Nayeem P, Assistant Professor, JDT
Islam College of Arts & Science, Vellimadukunnu, Calicut. (nayeemgee@gmail.com)
|
The Paradox of the Star: A study on the construction of the Star Image
and Stardom
The magic of cinema lies in its capacity of transmitting
human experiences and emotions universal. The presence of the stars and the
hype for stardom in the film industry cultivates an entirely different culture
within and outside the industry. The crores club, blockbuster movies still
driven by star heroes and the recent noticeable change of the female lead
characters in the commercial movies marked a drastic change in the chartbuster
row. No longer she is available to reduce her to hero's sidekick now she is a
different woman; gone is the shy, demure young lady who hides under the shadows
of the patriarch.
In star studies, the term ‘stardom’ was
conferred to symbolize the dialectic between on screen and off-screen presence.
How cinema circulates the images of individual film performers and how those
images may shape the way in which we sense about the identity of ourselves and
others is vital. This paper is an attempt to analyse the construction of the
film stardom and how these so called constructions differs among actors and
actresses. Rather than merely some special, magic quality of the individual, a
star’s ‘charisma’ is a significant factor through which stars engage social
issues and dilemmas.
Keywords: Actors,
Actresses, fame, stardom, selfhood, celebrity theory.
7
|
Nizar Ahammed C M
MA English, Second Year, EFLU, Hyderabad
Email: nizar61cm@gmail.com
Mob: +917702438407
|
Journalistic Authority:
Evolution of English Print Media in India after the 90s
The role of the media has been enlarging increasingly
in the meaning and the comprehension of the world modeled by words and images
as well as the society with its complexities. The journalistic self proclaimed
authority as the provider of the information and knowledge about the society
and it’s incontrovertible relevance to mould the society as well as to develop
the glossy situations to undertake the reformation and renaissance of the
society, has been dominated in the production of the knowledge about the
society. Nevertheless the journalism has been undergoing to the substantial
changes in both of contents and texts as it has been transformed into mass
market audience. Likely in Indian context, there had been a sea change in the
way journalism operates since technology, increasing prosperity of business
families owning newspapers and greater international interaction had brought
about both quantitative and qualitative improvements. The critical outlook to
the current approach or stance of the journalistic corporate would throw light
upon the major transformation as well as elusion that have been engulfed the
media after significantly after the years of liberalization and globalization
of 90s especially in the English national dailies from the neutral, objective
and rational to more subjective and infotainment mode to what we call as
Murdochization. In this paper my attempt lies in the description of the
transformation that has been undergone in the English Indian mainstream print
media after the nineties along with brief discussion about the journalistic
authority, knowledge production and the role of ideology in it and beyond the
ideologies like corporate interests.
8
|
Hanan
Alavi
III
Semester MA English
SS
College, Areacode
|
THE
TWO FACES OF DIGITAL INDIA: BRIDGING THE DIGITAL DIVIDE
INTRODUCTION:
In the 21st century,
globalization and the growth of new information technologies, such as the
Internet, are fueling both economic prosperity and human advancement in India.
Meanwhile, the Internet is rapidly becoming an increasingly indispensable tool
in our “information society” as people are being increasingly dependent on
digital technologies and other ICTs for their everyday routine activities. As
digital technologies become firmly embedded in everyday affairs, they enable
many people to lead more productive and rewarding lives. While they can help
societies to solve long-standing economic and social problems, they also bring
new challenges. Those who have no access to IT skills and knowledge gradually
become less and less capable of participating in an economy and society that is
increasingly technology-dependent. This has resulted in a so-called “digital
divide” within our knowledge-based economy.
The “digital divide” is defined as the
gap between different individuals, household, businesses and geographical areas
at different social-economic levels as regards their opportunities to access IT
and their use of the internet.
OBJECTIVES:
Ø To
understand and comprehend the term “digital divide”
Ø To
explore and make aware of the digital divide in India and the two faces of
digital India
Ø To
know the factors contributing to digital divide in Indian scenario
Ø To
discuss the initiatives of bridging of the digital divide along with
improvements and solutions
Ø To
list out the challenges the bridging of digital divide is facing
RELEVANCE:
Today, many countries acknowledge the
“digital divide” as a real social problem resulting from a clash between
cultural and social systems and newly emerging ICTs. The potential for social
and economic inequality due to lack of access is an issue of growing concern.
The issue becomes even more pressing when we look at the implications for
large, developing countries like India. While many are living in an era of
tremendous prosperity, innovation and growth, the disparity between ‘haves’ and
‘have-nots’ has never been greater. In this paper an attempt is made to look at
bridging the digital divide in India.
Keywords: digital
divide, digital India, globalization and technology in India, poverty in India,
bridging the divide
9
|
Muhammed
asif ck
Research
scholar
University
of calicut
Mob:
9656 42 41 82
|
The
Media-ted Identity: Re-imagining Diasporas
Diaspora,
a historically and politically loaded concept, has gained increased access to
the popular vocabulary. The narratives of home encapsulate the cultural paradox
of diasporicity which includes longing for a homeland and attempting to belong
to the host(ile) land. However, the advancements in media and technology
revamped the way we perceive space and time that demands re-imagining of
diasporas and diasporicity. As diasporic media get and increasing visibility in
the globalized world, by linking communities across and within cartographic
marks, diasporas are no longer lost between binaries of ‘here’ –‘there’,
homeland-hostland.
Media
play a pivotal role in production and circulation of images that constitute the
cultural fabric of the society and sustain “imagined communities”. The paper
tries to explore how imagined communities are mediated and how diasporas, often
an other in such dominant communities, engage the mediascape and the
culturescape of the ‘containing’ cultures.
10
|
Sumesh
kk
M.phil
Student, Department of Political Science
University
of Calicut
|
PUBLIC PERCEPTION ON THE MEDIA INTERVENTION IN
GOVERNMENTAL AFFAIRS IN INDIA: ANALYZE THE CONCEPT OF E -GOVERNANCE AND ITS
CHALLENGES
Pervasiveness of information technology is greatly influencing our day
today life. Contacts of people and government were rare in yesteryears, but
today, the way we are communicate ,transact and deliver things has gone for a
paradigm shift due to the IT factor. The E Governance is the cause of such
development, which is revolutionizing the Government-Citizen interface. E
governance is one such crucial IT driven initiative that will allow the
government to make information easily available, transparent and interactive
forms. The object is that increase the public perception on governmental
affairs. It steadily evolved from computerization of Government departments to
fragmented initiatives aimed at speeding up the files across the various arms
of the government at the national, state, and local levels. The government
services are available in online centers throughout the country. At the same time this concept faced the
challenges related to the problem of digital divide in India. Digitalized
administration does not ensure the equal access of social resources within the
country; digital democracy is not happened without the marginalized sections
intervention. Access of government services through online networks is
presently unequal, most of the time it reflecting inequalities in the offline
world. This paper is an attempt to analyze the public response to the E
governance and its ethical issues and suggestions.
Key Words: Information, Development, Digital divide,
Social resources
11
|
Roshna
V
M.Phil
Research Scholar
Department
of English
Calicut
University Campus
8606832053
|
The
Weird Mystery: an Analysis of Ramayana Myth
in
Sujoy
Ghosh’s Short Film Ahalya
Stories are not
innocent, especially myths. Myths are stories that carry a message which was as
produced by a certain signifying mechanism that once serve to conceal the
operation of socioeconomic structures which lie underneath it, and therefore,
what is presented as natural is in fact what conforms to a particular
ideological world view, serving particular social interests. Ramayana was produced in a world or in a
historical context where adultery is strictly prohibited and where individuals,
including woman, were interpellated to the dominant notion that women must be
chaste and pure. In an extremely patriarchal society and state, Ahalya must be
punished, even if she is innocent, and the punishment should not be lesser than
the inescapable metamorphosis into a lifeless stone. In Ramayana women who committed adultery, or even suspected of
committing adultery, (whether she is Sita or Ahalya) were cursed, exiled or
executed. These executions in the holy texts were became employed in society
and spread and multiplied into generations after generation with the approval
of religion. The story of Ahalya in Ramayana
is full of complexities, intricacies and possibilities and it has produced
numerous rewritings. This paper entitled “The Weird Mystery: An Analysis of Ramayana Myth in Sujoy Ghosh’s Short
Film Ahalya” is an attempt to study
the incorporation and reworking of the myth of Ahalya in Sujoy Ghosh’s fourteen
minute short film Ahalya.
Key Words: myth, contemporanity, ideology, interpellation and feminism
12
|
Faseela.PA & Habida.AT
EMEA
College of Arts & Science, Kondotty
|
The Representation of culture and life of women in
the Iranian movies of “Killing Rabids”(2009) and “The Fifth Reaction”(2004)
This paper examines the
representation of culture and life of women in the Iranian movies of “Killing
Rabids”(2009)and “The Fifth Reaction”(2004),will be analysed to reveal how they
represent Iranian women’s social and cultural position. Women in Iranian movies
have been portrayed in different ways. Iranian women confront many obstacles in
their daily life and struggle to get their due rights as human beings.
The two major Iranian
film makers Bahram Beyzai and Thahmine Milani represent Iranian portrayal of
women in a feminist point of view. The major concern dealt within the
works are; the search for female
identity, the women’s position in society, women’s interpersonal
relationships, women’s physical and
spiritual self and women’s power and career. Iranian movies deal with simple
and profound life of its respected people.
In this two works of
Beyzai and Milani address problems faced by Iranian women in the patriarchal
male society. Beyzai’s movie represent women’s inherent power also attempts to
present the difficulty of finding the real
feminine identity in a male dominated society. While Milani tries to show that
a women’s affection and her feeling should be respected and nurtured.
13
|
Jinan
M.phil
Student, Department of Political Science
University
of Calicut
|
Stereotyping 'Other': Gender and Race in Animated Cartoons in
India.
Animated
Cartoons are of wide popularity and acceptance today. They are necessary fun
sources for children and also have educational aspects. In this era of virtual
flood, the major part of child's socialisation takes place through visual
media. The animated Cartoons has acquired a more important space in a child's
visual choices than any other media. The role of cartoons in stereotyping the
gender and race is indeed an area to discuss.
Characters
in animated cartoons include females, males, animals, and inanimate objects.
The male and female characters are portrayed according to the stereotypical
biases in gender and race. It is virtually impossible to avoid these
stereotypes getting perpetrated into or being affected by them. In "Public Opinion", Walter Lippmann
writes that stereotypes are created from "the pictures in our heads".
Children's ideas about sexuality becomes clear by the age of 2. Although they
have not constructed a consistent view of their gender, they can distinguish
males and females and learn to divide the world between women and men.
Today
the most viewed channels and programmes by children in lndia includes Cartoon
Network , Pogo, Hungama, etc. ln any animated Cartoon series in India , the
main character will be a male. Even
though there are female characters in supporting roles, they get the heroic
attribution only when they show courage to take jobs that could be
traditionally done by males. Thus this masculine kid heroes resolves any
problem easily by dominating over both females and inferior males. The Villains
of Chota bheem cartoon series are usually black skinned and are always
humiliated to the most. So, my paper discuss such 'Other' stereotyping
tendencies in animation cartoons in India and their impacts in our social
milieu.
Key Words: Virtual World, Children's Cartoons,
Role in Socialisation, Gender, Stereotype, racial prejudice
14
|
Vishnu
Priya N.
M.A.
Communication, Univeristy of Hyderabad
Email:
n.vishnupriya50@gmail.com
Mob:
9703492043
|
Media and Censorship
India already ranks very low in press freedom compared to other
democratic countries. Further infringement of freedom of speech through a tool
like censorship is alarming. This paper invokes the very concept of censorship clash
with the idea of democracy. This study analyses the indulgence of the state
government over media freedom and thereby posing a threat to freedom of speech
when the content gets censored. It also analyses the alignment of government
and increasing threat to the contents that gets censored in all types of media
because of the religious bias of the particular government. Being a democratic
country, the Indian government is liable to give equal preference to the
heterogeneous voices of different religions.
As
a case of reference I am taking up the issue of censorship over 3 national
channels for telecasting on the content related to hanging of Yakub Memon. The
NDA government sent separate show cause notice to three major news channels, ABP
News, NDTV 24×7 and Aaj Tak for telecasting certain content on the day Yakub
Memon, 1993 Mumbai blasts convict. Media professionals see this act of
censorship as unfair media regulation. Indian media are under scrutiny
of the ruling government on the content being telecasted. The ultimate freedom
of expression is denied by imposing regulations to safeguard the government’s
wishes and thereby suppressing media from reporting the news.
The scope of the study is to initiate further discussions on the
censorship of content in all kinds of media, thus initiate awareness on rights
for free speech. Media is the only channel that is easily accessible to the
general public for getting a wider perspective about issues and happenings in
the country. So censoring content is rather the denial of freedom of speech.
KEYWORDS: censorship, freedom of speech, press freedom,
governmental bias, governmental power over media, idea of democracy
15
|
Salwa
K.M.
Sullamussalam
Science College
Areacode
|
Are
We Neutral Right Now? ( Net neutrality and freedom of expression )
OBJECTIVES
1) To show the
importance of net neutrality.
2) To compare and contrast net neutrality and free basics (internet.org).
2) To compare and contrast net neutrality and free basics (internet.org).
3) Discuss the
role of freedom of expression at present condition.
4) To bring in front the real face of free basics
4) To bring in front the real face of free basics
METHODOLOGY:
Web
based study
CONTENT
We are probably neutral on
net neutrality right now. Let’s discuss on its impacts which is a relevant
topic in discussion now a days. Net neutrality means that everyone can access
the internet at the same speed and quality. There are supporters and opponents
for net neutrality. Supporters are in the side that it is very important to
keep the innovative flow of internet, which challenges the opponents with new
inventions. Neutrality even has two sides as a coin. Neutrality is at times a
graver sin than belligerence. On the same time importance of net neutrality is
that innovations can come from everyone, everyones ideas are welcome,which is a
version of freedom of expression. While knowing about net neutrality we have to
understand the things that come against it. Facebook’s Free Basics campaign is a unique moment in
the public debate on net neutrality in India. Freebasic is a face that is going
to spoil the net neutrality. It is said that it is for the ones who face
poverty, actualy it is a land grab on government poverty. It can’t be that the
rich get access to the entire Internet and the poor get access only to Facebook.
“We haven’t got a problem with free Internet as long as it’s open to all. Free
Basics is just a way of locking in users into the Facebook ecosystem. There’s
no Google, no YouTube,” said Mahesh Murthy, a venture capitalist who co-founded
Seedfund and marketing startup Pinstorm.
CONCLUSION
We need to provide full
Internet at prices people can afford, not privilege private platforms. Free
Basics is not free, basic Internet as its name appears to imply. 53 per cent of
the Internet’s content is in English. English is spoken by only about 12 per
cent of the world’s population. So how does freebasics help poverty. It is just
a play.
Internet-
neutrality - freebasics - poverty - facebook
- Salwa KM
6th sem Bsc physics
6th sem Bsc physics
16
|
Fairoosa
thasneem.a
Guest
lecturer in english
Kahm
unity women’s college
Manjeri
Ph
-9633434040
|
‘Villains or
Victims?!!’- The Representation of Transgenders in Media
The portrayal of
transgender, the most marginalized population of the LGBT community, by
different media, has been giving either wrong or negative notion about their
‘normality’ and their right to live ‘normal’. Though they have succeeded in
asserting their rights in many spheres, including administrative and corporate fields, the medias, are
competing to misrepresent them as either
victims or villains. The general picture of a transgender in the mind of the ‘normal’ individuals is that of a beggar
or a sex worker, the image that has been contributed by the social medias. My
attempt through the paper is to interfere in the misinterpretation of medias in
the life of the transgender. I would like to review different medias including
films, serials, reality shows, newspaper reports and others to show how
transgender are mistreated and misrepresented when they really do not deserve
it. I would also focus on their power that has been proven in arts, literature
and other social spheres, which shows their talents to interfere in the social
arena.
Key words: Transgender, media, representation, mistreatment, power
17
|
Sadique
Ali
PG
Second Year English
EMEA
College of Arts & Science, Kondotty
PH:
8086 617 984
|
Classic Literary Works Adapted into Indian Films
Movies are the best popular culture In
the world which helps people to appreciate other cultures and propagate their
own culture. Indian exotic culture and Chinese Martial Arts became popular
through movies. Chinese actors like Jackie Chan and Bruce Lee changed the way
Europeans look to the other continent. This two stars propagated Asian
sensibility and Chinese culture which became a kind of “cultural shock” for
Europeans as they expect news of poverty and superstition from Asian Continent.
India is the largest producer of films
in the world and Indian films especially Bollywood has audience. Indian films
often adapted world literary classic novels and plays and directors give
special care to make an Indian touch by adding Indian music dance and exotic costumes.
Vishal
Bharathwaj’s Trilogy on
Shakespeare considers as the best adaptation of Shakespeare. He adapted Hamlet
as Haider, Macbeth as Maqbool and Othello as Omkara. Jane Austen’s novels are
adapted into Indian films with Indian settings as Indians give importance to
marriage as a romantic and inevitable part of their life. Jane Austen’s Sense
Sensibility was adapted into Tamil as Kandu Konden Kandu Konden.
Malayalam new generation films are greatly indebted to the Russian realistic
films and Malayalam films adapted Russian classic works into movies.
Destovosky’s novel The Brothers Karamazov adapted by Amal Neerad as Ayoobinte
Pusthakam with Kerala historical background.
18
|
Saigeetha.
S Hasiya.T
Guest
Lecturer in English Guest
Lecturer in English
Malabar
Christian College Malabar
Christian College
Calicut Calicut
|
Augmented Reality as an aid to ‘augment’ interactivity
The ever expanding
horizons of New Media encompass and amalgamate multifarious methods and trends
to communicate around the globe. Technology being the key factor defers and
deconstructs the meaning of interaction and interactivity among people. Diverse
techniques and means to correspond with one another emerge every other minute
in this era of techno savvy multitude. The internet offers a host of
possibilities for the present day generation who are bound in their hectic
schedule to stay in touch with whomever they want, irrespective of the
geographical boundaries.
The term ‘New Media’
cannot be restricted to a single definition or meaning. It is an evolving
medium which has the potential to include everything in its ambit. The concept
of ‘Reality’ is no exception to this. The power of the virtual world is such
that the way reality is perceived can also be augmented to present a live
viewing experience to the viewer. Metamedia has a profound effect in building
new relationships between the different medium of technology and communication.
Communication and interaction are the buzz words in the contemporary scenario.
Technology strives to effect a positive change in that direction through its
innovativeness and resultant tools. This paper is an attempt to focus on how
augmented reality aids in enhancing the interactivity among the people
19
|
AZMIN.C
Research
Scholar
Centre
for Advanced Studies and Research in English
Farook
College, Kozhikode
|
Enculturation and Intercultural Adaptation in New
Social Media
Time and again people
and societies were shaped by the dominant media of their time. New social media
is rapidly spreading across the globe and gaining popularity in today’s
society. It is, undoubtedly, an
increasingly popular component of everyday lives in current globalizing
society. Social media promotes interconnectedness and interdependence of
culturally diverse world. The present scenario shows that media and culture are
not only complementing but also shaping each other. Undeniably it has become a
space where everyone could be a writer, publisher and a critic, which, of
course, was once not a common platform. The new social media shelters an
intercultural space where people from diverse worlds find certain meeting
points. This intercultural space provides with a new pattern of thought and
behavior. Consequently the cultural and behavioral pattern of people across the
world overlaps.
Culture, to put it
plainly, is a whole way of life. In its broadest sense culture, is a cultivated
behavior; a socially transmitted behavioral pattern. With the advent of new
social media this behavioral pattern constantly changes. The present scenario offers
a platform for intercultural adaptation and assimilation which in turn augment
a cultural blending of language, concepts and norms.
People use social
networking sites for different purposes among which in each case: helping in
increasing and maintaining social contacts, promoting education and learning
process, updating day to day life events, sharing increasing information,
sharing one’s reflective observation and criticism on societal concerns. It is
important to analyze the user’s usage purpose of different social media before
reaching on a conclusion regarding how social media has shaped the mass
culture. Different users has different goal at its end. For some it’s a real
world while others create a virtual world with online identities beautifying their
own profile with attractive multimedia aids to be the most visited profile in
the online world. There seems a lot of disparity between the two categories
mentioned. While the former finds the online space as a world of information
and sharing, a world of one’s creative space the latter considers it as a
projection of their cultivated cultural life style. The paper aims to examine
how social media, with special reference to facebook, serves as a tool for both
creating and promoting cultural codes and language varieties. The paper also
proposes to examine how social media has influenced the behavioral pattern of
online community.
Keywords: Social media, language,
culture, facebook
20
|
Sreedevi.NM
Guest
Lecturer
Sr.
Joseph’s College, Devagiri
Email :
sreedevi.nm@gmail.com
Mob :
9746426098
|
“O my brother /
O my companion whom do I slander”:
A study on media
and its representation of Gender types.
The past few decades had seen an
enormous rise in the influence of media over the masses. The media encroaches
upon the lives of the masses by either playing the role of the savior or the
annihilator. The power of media has grown extensively that it becomes a
powerful tool to perpetrate certain set images and ideas. It becomes a deciding
factor and its prejudice often turns out to be fatal to people. The power politics played behind the world’s
most influential tool is seen alarming. The media is as blind as the law and as
vile as an angry mob. They extend to a voyeuristic pleasure as they place the
camera to the private spheres of individuals. The emergence of cultural studies
had brought a gradual change to this tendency where a broader prospective is given
to mass culture. The term mass culture was foregounded as standard or true
culture. Cultural studies argue that culture is about meaning a community
generates. The media should be the representative of that popular culture.
Popular culture stands as an umbrella term for all those set of beliefs, values
and practices that are widely shared. Cultural studies gains much of its
strength from Raymond William’s influential definition of culture where he
talks of how our understanding of our experience and our communication system
creates a web of relationships later leading to create a new meaning. He
specifies on the word tension which is created because of offering, reception
and comparison of the new meaning which ends up in growth and change. The paper
examines how media provide certain signs and how it leads to further generation
of meaning .The paper gathers strength largely from the theories of
Structuralism and Linguistics.
Keywords: Cultural Studies, Structuralism, linguistics,
voyeurism
21
|
Shino
Varghese
Lecturer
of Journalism,
Sacred
Heart Heigher Secondary School
Ayavana,
Moovatupuzha
|
Analysis on the effects of Facebook use on
youth:
Focusing
youth from Malappuram district of Kerala
The fast development of internet technology has
created changes in the personal and social life styles of youth both positively
and negatively. Various studies claim that even though the use of social
networks, especially Facebook, have helped in sharing of global awareness and
individual ideologies, youth’s obsession to the same causes poor self-esteem
and depression. Psychological and social motivations play a vital role in the
selection of traditional media, whereas reasons vary for the selection of
social networking sites based on the user’s gratification.
Youth consider Facebook as an interesting cool
medium and use it to express personal likes and dislikes, gather information on
interested areas, create groups and forums of specific savours, and as a means
to get away from parental supervision.
Research Methodology
The present study focuses on identifying the perception and
attitudes of teens towards social networking, especially Facebook, by
conducting a study in Malappuram district of Kerala. Malappuram
has now emerged as a front runner in the fast-paced world of information
technology. Malappuram district has been declared as India’s first
computer-literate village in India by The Akshaya Project, the first
district-wide e-literacy project in India, and one of the largest known
Internet Protocol based wireless networks in the world. Therefore the
significance of the areas chosen will contribute a wider understanding towards
the study.
The research will classify youth of the area
into urban and rural, boys and girls, staying with parents and away from
parents, school going and school drop-outs. Through a set pattern of
questionnaires the study will analyze the teens’ Facebook walls, posts, shares,
chat habits, regularity of usage and choices of activities. Analysis include,
focusing its influence on opinion building, attitude, decision making, and
parental influence and relationships.
Implication of the Study
The researcher aims to achieve a comprehensive
result on the causes, concerns, and elements of personal and social changes
happening on the youth as a result of their use of Social Networking Sites.
Key
words: Youth and Internet, Youth and Facebook,
Influence of New Media, effects of social network sites on youth.
22
|
Atheetha
.k. Unni
Research
scholar
Sree
kerala varma college, thrissur
Emai ;: atheethaaa@gmail.com
|
Analysing the
infuences of virtual communities in digital era
This article is a comparison of virtual
communities and the organic communities in digital era. The aim of this article
is to analyse whether the virtual communities of computer networks are able to
replace organic communities and traditional mode of communication and fulfil
the needs of interaction, connection, identity, culture and belongings. Or they
are likely to become pseudo- communities. Virtual communities are not confined
to place and time but serve in common interests in cultural, social activities.
They are produced in computer networks and based on computer mediated
communication. Organic communities include tight groups of families and
relatives which is tied to place and time. Virtual communities include loose
affiliations, interest groups, target or any discussion groups etc. In organic
communities the communication is mainly verbal or non verbal but in the case of
virtual communities the communication is through text, graphics, data on
screen. As technology develops, with the use of graphical interfaces and
multimedia, allowing the simultaneous transmission of speech, data and images,
the facilities of computer mediated communication and human computer
interaction improve. The provisional culmination of this development is the
design of virtual reality media creating an artificial environment for human
activity and experience. This article tries to demonstrate that virtual
communities are real and their communicative practise a kind of computer
mediated communication, possesses not only weaknesses but also stren
23
|
Anooja
George k
Guest
Faculty (Dept.of English)
Farook
College, Calicut.
|
MEDIA
AND NET GENERATION
Media which is an
inevitable part of our daily life especially net generation. Social Media how
it affects our thoughts, words, and action. An analysis of how it helps each
other by circulating news very fastly by easy status updations even in a crisis
situation. How it creates an image of a person that can be easily checked by
anyone all over the world. How it makes a livelihood even for school a dropout.
The age of gadgets with i-phones, smart phones, androids and tablets. Where a
possession of a gadget this determines our social status. An age of
Narcisurfing by a netizen is other than his or her respiration. People who
forget to live their life by this. A study of Problems faced by them. How a
celebrity gets his followers or likes by tweeting and sharing. Controversies
regarding this also and role of youth in that. Politicians and philanthropist
who makes an image by this and their support and popularity among the youth.
How online shopping helped made a booming of new online corporate giants. Net generation people who forget to read
their daily newspaper who like to read it online or via some social media
.Where a dailydose of a printed newspaper is n’t needed. Saving human workload
for paper and environment conservation. The positive and negative impact of
media on net generation.
Keywords: Net
generation, Status Updating, livelihood, gadgets, Narcisurfing, Netizen, Social
problems.
24
|
Najda
a
Centre for Advanced Studies & Research in
English,
Farook
College.
|
NEW TRENDS OF REPRESENTING YOUNG MUSLIM WOMEN IN
RECENT MALAYALAM MOVIES
Movies
present focused or generalised aspects of different cultures and societies,
mostly developed from the director’s personal view. The continuous
representation of any wrong or mistaken notion leads to the generalisation as
well as the authentication of a concept or construct. This often happens in the
representation of major minorities. Malayalam films still does not have female
superstars. Of the ninety percent of love stories, heroines have no agency in
love.
The society has the habit of eyeing Muslim
women with many prejudices. The present tools of marking women in general and
Muslim women in particular are products of modernity and thus they are
anti-women and patriarchal. Malayalam movies represent Muslim community as
barbarous and anti-women. Lately, a major turnover is noted, where young
educated scarfed Muslim women representations are coming under the spotlight.
But often identity markers like scarf, hijab, veil or purdah serve the purpose
of hiding, disguise or to create humor. Such presentations blacken the image of
the community. The media has not changed considering women as objects or
show-pieces. The real identity and achievements of women get suppressed.
The present study is based on popular
Malayalam films after 2010 portraying young Muslim women in general and those
with Muslim women in lead in particular like To Noora with Love, Thattathin
Marayath, Anwar, Mosayile Kuthirameenukal, and KL10 pathu. The educational
achievements of Muslim women these days in the state are reflected in such
films.
Key words:
Movies, Representation, Community, Muslim Women, Veil.
25
|
Ms.
Gadha M Das
M.
Phil Development sociology
Dept.
of Sociology
Gandhigram
Rural Institute(DU), Dindigul ,
.
|
ROLE OF SOCIAL MEDIA IN SOCIAL MOVEMENTS
Social movements
have been implemented in many forms and on many different levels in order to
transform the societies all over the world.
When looking at the social movements rose past years, social media is
being used as a tool in shaping the social movement’s agenda and aiding
collective action at local and global level.
The most fascinating ability of this new tool is that social media
enables ordinary citizen to connect and organize themselves with little to no cost
and the world to bear witness. The internet and mobile technology are some of
the most important ingredients changing the way news are created and
disseminated today. Earlier the mass media were a tool used by movements to
amplify their claims. Both social movements and media were interdependent but now a days the common
man organize, express and share their views through social media. YouTube, face
book, twitter blogs etc. depicts the real situation to the world. These social
media and cell phone have changed the traditional way of organizing social
movements by providing more sources of knowledge, reducing cost of coordination
and increasing the speed of information exchange. Social media became powerful
medium to fuel up the grievances of ordinary citizen and to raise the voice
which was unheard voice and change the status quo.
Social media act
as an organizational tool of many movements thus through these to express views
of citizen to the world and to protest against the injustice. This paper aims to analyze the role of social
media in the resent social movements like Jasmine Revolution, Arab Spring etc.
Key words:
Social media, social movements, face book, organizational tool
26
|
K
Radhika and Rajasree M R
MPhil
Scholars Gandigram Rural University, Dindigul.
|
Alternative
media as a tool for lightening the rights
Indian democracy
considers and legislature, executive and judiciary as the three pillars of its
existence. These three systems play a very important role in making and
maintaining the ideals of democracy and freedom. In India Media/ press, is
considered as the fourth estate or fourth pillar along with the other three
systems. Unlike other three estates Medias are very near and close to the
common people and it is the prime and important source of public opinion
making. Medias are the true reflections of society. There are audio-visual and
printed Medias, all these kind of Media’s aims to informing people about
different issues all over the world, make them aware, make them sensitive and
responsible. Access to information, awareness about different social issues,
capacity and platform to respond are the pre requisites for development of a
community, Medias are executing or helps to execute all these pre requisites.
Thus Medias acts as the powerful agent of development process. All these things
can be performed by Medias only if they follow a genuine politics of humanism,
nowadays media activities also caught by the dirty power politics of the
society, and media starts to act according to the capital or the management.
There are many issues related with paid news and mainstream Medias are
neglecting or over sensitizing news, particularly news related with the
downtrodden people. Forth world people like Dalits have been left out from the
communication process. They could never
get representation in news rooms and often display crude prejudice in reporting
about the minorities. When we analysing the mainstream media such as different
TV channels, newspapers, FM stations everywhere we can see the stratification
based on caste, class and creed.
Mainstream media are criminalising and
invisibilising the excluded people and never observe any caution.
Now they want to represent themselves,
they want to exhibit their identity, for that they are using the new medias
like Facebook, Twitter, Blogs, YouTube, Google groups etc. These new Medias are
an open platform for the excluded people, the news or events which are
neglected by main media can be shared through the new Medias. India
will have the world’s second-largest Internet user base by this December,
overtaking the US. This is among the many interesting findings in the ‘Internet
in India 2015’ Report released by the Internet and Mobile Association of India
(IAMAI) and IMRB International. According to reports, India will have 402
million Internet users by December 2015 and its user base has increased by 49
per cent compared to last year. Through these openings a vigorous group of
Dalits are using information technologies to transcend barriers of caste and
thus take advantage of democratic opportunities that can lead to breaking
through caste and ritual walls to share understandings and interests with each
other and from those who have previously been beyond their reach. Dalit
activism is now increasingly web based and others keep the world informed and
make movements against upper caste Hegemony and other social issues through
social Medias. New Medias also gave freedom to express themselves physically
beyond the generally accepted beauty parameters. Even though there are some
limitations of accessibility and technicality, internet is act as an
alternative tool for informing, educating, empowering and strengthening the
Forth World people.
Key
Words: alternative media/ social media, excluded communities, Dalits,
mainstream media, fourth world people
27
|
Snigdha Muneer C P
Sullamussalam Science College, Areacode BA English Language and Literature, 6th Semester |
Media and
Representation_ The Reality and Illusion
OBJECTIVES
1) To analyse
how media represents reality.
2) To find how reality
is converted into an illusion by the media.
3)To explore the
role of media representation in shaping the comprehension of events by the
society.
4)To distinguish
between what is reality and illusion.
METHODOLOGY
Textual study.
CONTENT
'Media' a term that we
so often refers to at present, which are the means and institutions for
publishing and broadcasting information has undergone a considerable shift in
meaning. When media becomes a medium of representation of reality and when
reality and representation itself gets distorted under the influence of
politics, the media somehow becomes a platform of distortion rather than
representation and the representation as we define as re-presentation holds a
negative connotation.The relevance of this distortion is high at present where
a common event is modified through filters of different social and political
bias. At times,what happens in reality is completely misrepresented through
media, sometimes to protect the interests of a particular class that owns the
media or to simply attract the attention of a larger audience. There are cases
in which a dominant group misrepresents a weaker section with a deliberate
construction a pseudo image of them.At present, it can be traced in the way in
which muslims are represented at present by many world powers and the resultant
Islamophobia created among the ordinary people.
CONCLUSION
In the present scenario, whether
representation makes an event more real or unreal needs to be discussed.The
deliberate reconstruction of reality creates an illusion that might look real
to our perception.The society being a naive spectator to these events can
effect the attention, responses and consequences recieved by the
events.Ultimately, we end up realising the need for a distinction between the
real and the illusion.
Reality - Illusion - Representation-
Bias- Psuedoimage
28
|
Asha Abraham
|
REPRESENTATION OF WOMEN IN ADVERTISEMENTS
AND THEIR
ROLE IN PROJECTING THE IMAGE OF A "NEW WOMAN"
'Representation'
is a problematic term, especially in these days of extreme censorship.
Representations can mean much more than they intend and convey and for this
same reason, they are often misinterpreted as well. Advertisements are market
strategies to promote sales. But they sell not just tangible products but also
intangible ones like representations, gender stereotypes etc. Observing the
market, one gets to realize that products are named to entice women to buy and
women are used in advertisements to entice men to buy. The gender stereotype of
women being inferior to men gets reproduced through advertisements by their
portrayal of scantily-clad women arousing the male instincts, women always as
employees and not as bosses and the like. Her various roles, from
homemaker to business executive to sex object to super woman, catered to her
gendering and her othering.
But there is a recent trend of subverting
these gender stereotypes that the market and the advertisements, deliberately
or not, carry out, probably as a need of the time. This trend of 'reverse
sexism' do not see the female body as a persuasive tool or an object for the
masculine gaze. Advertisements that primarily targeted men have shifted their
focus to women consumers, which demanded a change in their approach to gender.
They have started to portray women performing once 'manly' jobs and create an
image of either a single, self-supporting woman or an independent woman, though
married, made her own decisions, had a job and drove a car. My paper will
explore the possibility of advertisements in subverting and sabotaging the
gender stereotypes and their role in weaving the image of a contemporary,
confident, career-oriented woman, uninhibited by her sexuality - a real 'New
Woman'.
29
|
Beegam
Rushda Ameen P.M.S
Lecturer
in English
Priyadarshini
Arts and Science college
Malappuram
Mobile : +918547719975
Email
ID: Chinju.rushda0@gmail.com
|
REPRESENTATION OF
SUBALTERN IN THE POPULAR
MEDIA
The
paper analyses the aspects of mediation and the motif of media in representing
subaltern. The term ‘subaltern’ was first used by Antonio Gramsci in his book
“Prison Notebooks” as a term to indicate the proletariat. In the course of time
the term is used as a broad spectrum of marginalized categories. Mediation
offers the subaltern a mouthpiece to voice their being indeed. The subordinated
man and woman can only be heard by his oppressors if he or she speaks the
language of the oppressor. Media is always running for sensationalization. They
run round the clock for a news that could hike their rating. Mediation provides
a stage indeed to the sufferings and struggles of the subaltern melting them
from a frozen identity. It expands the canon of subaltern category in the
society. As the condition of the marginalised strikes the ratings high, they
run for other subaltern section coverage inviting both financial and material
support. Mediation aims at sensationalizing the news bit for which they
sometimes exaggerate or distort the real event or condition to emotionally
hijack the viewers. Thus, intellectual and cultural filters of conformity
muddle the true voice of the subaltern. Layers of meaning must be considered
while dealing with the voice of the subaltern. Mediation takes it just as a
piece of profit or sensational marketing. Scrutinising the politics of
representation in the media, this essay draws insights from post-colonial
studies to discover new ways to read the work of the global media in their coverage
of the subaltern.
KEY WORDS :
Subaltern, marginalised, representation, media, marketing
30
|
APARNA RAVEENDRAN C.
|
MEDIA AND CULTURE
We
had an age of autocracy, casteism and racial discrimination. But now we live in
a democratic world. Such a transformation is undoubtedly through media. Media
has become the fourth pillar of democracy after the legislative, executive and
judiciary. It was the voice of the people during the independence struggle. A
single news item could destroy the palaces of dictatorship. Media can shape and
mould the minds of the society. Hitler, after the defeat of Germany in the
first world war says, “Germany lost the first world war because it lost the
propaganda battle.”. Propaganda is thus a small battle which only on winning
can make us win the main battle. This is a truth which Hitler could realize.
In
this globalised world, many new media like Television, films, mobile phones,
internet, facebook, watsup have emerged and so we are truly enclosed in a
mediatized world where media is given undue importance. Needless to say,
culturally, it has both merits and demerits. To prove it, our cultural art
forms like theyyam, Thira, various dance forms, paintings, and pilgrimages have
been given great attention over these years. At the same time, it has
encouraged and has given undue importance to various superstitions and bad
customs which can even eradicate the values of renaissance. False news, photos,
videos which could propagate communal disharmony are its defects. To cite an
example is the Musafir riot which was based on a YouTube video. Secondly, Nambi
Narayanan, a
senior official at the Indian Space Research Organization (ISRO),
was falsely charged with espionage and was arrested based on a false story
created by media. Media is often described as the giant killers of politicians
who are in power, making them guilty of abusing women and being involved in
various scams. This scenario thus highlights the need to analyze the topic
‘Media and Culture’.
Media- fourth pillar of
democracy- shape the minds of millions – merits and demerits - freedom of
expression- media culture - false news – superstitions and bad customs.
31
|
P sidhique
Lecturer in English
Calicut University Centre, Kadmat,
Lakshadweep, India, 682556
Email id: sidhikondotty@gmail.com
Phone No: +919496878232
|
NARRATIVES OF THE NATIONAL BOUNDARIES AND THE SPECTOTOR'S
THEATRE.
This paper is an attempt to trace the
development of the spectator's identity, embarking on the new conceptual realm
of self authenticated agency of power maintenance apparatus in the
socio-political situations. The emergence of the spectator's theatre
reconstructs the national boundaries of narratives on the surveillance agency
and political authenticity. The spectators are attributed and even negotiated
of power-transfer in the theatre concepts. The ambivalent nature of the
spectators demands political viewership and exercises official status whenever
situations emerge to exist in the system. A shift to the viewer to a spectator
narrates the identity of the new class of spectatorship and generates powerful
assimilation in public conceptions. When the spectator quits the individual
tastes and assumes the state owned narrative mannerism, the body of the
national agency proliferates new organs of surveillance mechanism. The
political organs of the surveillance find new constructs within the pedagogical
assemblage in spectators' visibility and interventions in social discourses.
The birth of the new class of spectators and their political affiliations narrate
structures official authenticity in power circles of the theatre.
32
|
Mohammed Ismail K
1st Sem MA English
University of Hyderabad
|
TOWARDS A SOCIETY OF CONTROL: SOCIAL MEDIA AND
SURVEILLANCE
George Orwell might well be considered a
highly optimistic writer going by the extensive surveillance mechanisms in
place today which even greatly fails his imaginative prowess. Massive
surveillance has become a ubiquitous phenomenon ranging from the seemingly
innocent CCTV cameras that occupy every wall to large scale transnational
snooping. The internet and social media has opened up greater and easier ways
to further the surveillance culture. This is an age where one’s search engine
can speak better about a person than her/his closest associate. Social media is
governed by user generated content where media companies trade in personal
information to influence and shape the identity of its users. Driven by
corporate market logic as well as fascist interests, social media is subject to
indiscriminate data mining. Social
media, heralded to be spaces of freedom, are really highly restrictive spaces
wherein there is a covert exercise of power on its users. My paper would
attempt to delineate how social media surveillance has contributed to transforming
Foucault’s notion of a “disciplinary society” to that of a “society of control”
as proposed by Gilles Delueze.
Key Words: Social Media, Surveillance,
Power, Data Mining
\
33
|
Archana P Nair
MA English
Maharajas College, MG University
Ph. No. 8592857898
|
CONSTRUCTING
IDEAS: THE POLITICAL DISCOURSE OF KERALA’S VIRTUAL PUBLIC SPHERE
Production of knowledge and
the construction of ideas have democratized in these times with the social
media intervention. This often censored,
reported (as in the case of facebook) and surveilled space itself formulates
alternative spaces of resistance. Virtual public sphere even constructs certain
standards of perspectives, thus serves a highly political existence altogether.
Even the discourse of food has entered in to
certain nonsensical logic in contemporary politics. The constructed notions are
often restructured in favor of the powerful. Virtual public sphere not only
serves as a space for political discussion rather it even constructs certain
forms of knowledge and ideas. The postmillennial
context of invisible yet dissolved power structures which mask itself with
democratic strategies pulls the condition in to a point in which even certain
concepts are problematized. And the seemingly open platform of the virtual does
react and counter react on these questions of power.
This paper Constructing Ideas: The Political Discourse Of Kerala’s
Virtual Public Sphere, attempts to explore the recent phenomenon of
constructing political ideas with reference to contemporary ideological debates
that occurred in Kerala’s social networking sphere, the politically inspired
movements which have originated virtually such as Manushyasangamam,
Amanavasangamam and the possible confusions and ideological debates inherent in
these. The notions of identity politics and the recent protests against various
forms of fascism are also discussed with a focus on Kerala.
Key words: Power, discourse, Virtual Public Sphere,
identity politics...
33
|
Habeeb Rahman YP
Assistant Professor
Department of BVoc
|
Cultural Promotion and
Cultural Integration: A Study on Media
Ethics
with Special Reference
to Visual Media and New Media
Visual media not
only enhanced the visual culture and concept of real time presentation, but
also influenced in globalization. Visual culture could bring various aspects of
life from different parts of the world, as well as it could decorate the
culture and tradition of each nation. When new media paved a new platform for
self-broadcast without the barriers of time and space, it actually adopted one
of the major functions of media – cultural promotion.
The terms
Cultural Promotion and Cultural Integration are different. It requires an
intense study to understand this difference especially in a time when the
definition of “culture” is abstract; the meaning of culture and custom
contradicts; Above all, everything is being linked to religion and tradition.
Understanding
Cultural Promotion as one of the key functions of media, this paper focuses on
the ethics of media either to promote or integrate culture, with a primary study
to understand what culture is. It tries to represent the role of new media in
the same as well as the pros and cons of Cultural Integration in the scenario
of globalization.
Bringing
everything under an umbrella is good; but it is the responsibility of media
that to make sure each and every ingredients get deserving roles and
representations. Because unity in
diversity is beautiful!
Key Words:
Culture, Custom, Media, Ethics, Cultural Promotion, Cultural Integration, Globalization.
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